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Figure 3. 

Summary of experiments evaluating welfare in nonbreeding adult males. (A) Three cage replicates were used, with each cage containing 11 to 16 birds. A cross-over design was used with the males housed under fluorescent lighting and then under LED. Video recordings were made 3 times a week for 4 wk, after a 3-wk acclimation period for each lighting type. Fecal samples were collected at the end of the recording periods at 5 standardized time points in a single day. (B) Behavior time budgets of adult males were created for each lighting treatment type based on an ethogram. Proportions of total activity for each treatment group are displayed as means ± SD to demonstrate relative changes in activity budgets. Pair-wise comparisons were made with Student t tests and Holm-Šídák correction. (C) Diurnal pattern of fecal corticosterone (CORT) in male zebra finches housed under fluorescent or LED lights. Means ± SD are displayed. Fecal CORT did not differ between the 2 treatments and did not significantly fluctuate during the sampling period (2-way ANOVA, time × treatment, P > 0.05; ng/g = ng CORT per g of dried feces; *, P ≤ 0.05).